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Grade 12 / High 3 (age 17-18)

high school Limit of a Sequence

Limit of a Sequence

A sequence is an endless line of numbered values, one for each n. The real question is whether those values settle toward a single destination as n grows larger and larger, and that destination is what we call the limit. If the terms crowd arbitrarily close to one number we say the sequence converges; if they scatter or bounce forever, it diverges. Drag the term-count slider and the dots close in on L = 1; switch sequences and convergence sits beside divergence.

Where the Sequence Heads

The index n grows without end, and there is no last term to inspect. So the limit of a sequence is not a sum of the first few terms; it asks whether later terms stay near one value. If every term after some index sits inside any band you choose, the sequence converges; if it never sticks to one value, it diverges. Unlike a function limit toward a point a, here you only watch integer indices with n → ∞. Sums, differences, and products of two convergent sequences use each limit, and a quotient is the quotient of the limits when the denominator’s limit is not 0. If two sequences squeeze a third to the same value, the middle one converges there as well: that is the sandwich theorem.

The first sketch is aₙ = 1 + 1/n, with a red dashed line at height L = 1. Gold dots are bright for as many terms as you chose; the rest are dim. Indices run from 1 to 20. Raising the term count lights more dots, and once that count is 5 or more a gold band of width ε = 1/n appears. The same sketch is reused in the ε-N section. There is no separate ε slider; the band width is tied to this n. The comparison sketch switches among three sequences. Mode 0 is 1+1/n, mode 1 is (−1)ⁿ(1+1/n) split above and below, and mode 2 is n/(n+1) sitting toward 1 from below. Each index has one dot in place.

5
👀 See It
Each gold dot is a term of the sequence. As n grows, dots approach the red dashed line (L = 1). That's 'convergence'.

ε-N Definition

Early terms that are getting larger do not force a sequence to diverge. On the comparison sketch, n/(n+1) keeps growing yet stays below 1. On the other hand, even if sizes look large, a pattern like (−1)ⁿ(1+1/n) that hops between two heights does not gather at one limit. If you use one word for flying off to infinity and for oscillation, you hide whether dots fall one way or bounce between two values. Judging from only the first five terms misses later terms that enter the shrinking band ε = 1/n. For a rational expression you divide by the leading power and watch 1/n; a bounded factor is judged by squeezing from both sides.

📏 Meaning of the ε-Band
①Larger n shrinks the gold band (ε-band)
②No matter how tiny ε is, all terms past some N stay inside
③That's the rigorous definition of convergence
④There is no ε slider. Band width is tied to the Step 1 n slider. Arbitrary ε is text
ε-N Definition
∀ε > 0, ∃N : n ≥ N ⇒ |an − L| < ε
For every ε > 0 there exists N such that n ≥ N ⇒ |aₙ − L| < ε

Convergent vs Divergent

1+1/n
🔍 Three Patterns
①Mode 0: 1 + 1/n → 1 (clusters together)
②Mode 1: (−1)ⁿ(1 + 1/n) — oscillates, diverges
③Mode 2: n/(n+1) → 1 (approaches from below)

Limit Laws

Arithmetic of Limits
lim(an ± bn) = α ± β, lim(an · bn) = α · β
Sum/diff/product of limits when both sequences converge
Quotient
lim anbn = αβ (β ≠ 0)
Quotient of limits when β ≠ 0
Squeeze Theorem
an ≤ cn ≤ bn, lim an = lim bn = L ⇒ lim cn = L
If two sequences squeeze a third to the same limit, that third converges to it

Worked Examples

Example 1
Find limn→∞ 2n+3n-1.
1
Divide numerator and denominator by n.
2n+3n-1 = 2 + 3/n1 - 1/n
2
As n → ∞, 3/n → 0 and 1/n → 0.
2 + 01 - 0 = 2
2
For limits of rational expressions, dividing by the highest power in the denominator is the standard move.
Example 2
Find limn→∞ sin nn.
1
Since −1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1, divide all sides by the positive number n.
-1nsin nn1n
2
Both outer limits are 0, so by the squeeze theorem the middle is 0.
limn→∞ (-1/n) = limn→∞ 1n = 0
0
For bounded sequences like sin or cos, squeeze with ±1/n and apply the squeeze theorem.

Wrap-up

Key Limits
limn→∞ 1np = 0 (p > 0), limn→∞ rn = 0 (|r| < 1)
1/np → 0; rn → 0 when |r| < 1
exam-style
What is limn→∞ (√(n2+3n) − n)?
1
32
2
3
∞ (diverges)
32
1
This is an ∞ − ∞ form with a root, so multiply by the conjugate to rationalize.
√(n2+3n) − n = 3n√(n2+3n) + n
2
Divide numerator and denominator by n; the denominator tends to 2.
3√(1 + 3/n) + 132
🎯 Exam Points
①Definition: master the ε-N flow
②Use limit laws once each part converges
③Diverging sequences (oscillating) have no limit
④Squeeze theorem when two limits agree
⑤Memorize 1/n^p → 0 and r^n → 0 (|r| < 1)
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Limit of a Geometric Sequence
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