文献

Pattern visualization

Examples

1. 他查阅了大量历史文献。▶ —
   He consulted a vast amount of historical literature.
2. 论文末尾要列出参考文献。▶ —
   References must be listed at the end of a paper.

Collocations

Mnemonic

文 wén "writing" + 献 xiàn "to offer": a Sino-Korean word "literature, documents". Valuable writings (文) handed down. 历史文献 (historical documents), 参考文献 (references). Unlike 笔记 (personal notes), 文献 is published or transmitted scholarly and historical material. Weightier than 资料 (data/materials).

Related

Quick check

1. How do 文献 and 笔记 differ?

   • 文献 = published/transmitted scholarly material; 笔记 = personal notes
   • identical
   • 文献 = salary; 笔记 = tax
   • both lectures